Assessment+3-Chapter+2

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

__2.0 Introduction__

In this chapter,we have considered our research study regarding the research questions by divided it into to two main part. There are including sites students access when using the Internet and the access venue among the FSKKP UMP’s students.Besides that,we are also discusses the relevant information according our research study which collected from different journals.

__2.1 Sites students access when using the Internet __ There are few sites that students access when using the internet.Some of them are games, communication, online shopping, information, and entertainment sites.

__2.1.1 Games__

Games is the first point of the students access when use the computer and internet. Tsitsika et al. (2008) find that games is the most popular site among the users. 92.8% of excessive users are found to predominantly utilize the internet for the purpose of games. Excessive users are internet users that spend almost 20 hours a week of internet use. In addition Tsitsika et al. (2008) also state that male users are more likely to access the internet for the purpose of games than the female with the percentage of 95.8%. Birgin et al. (2010) find that only 37.5% of users are kindly access to the games sites when use the computer and internet.

Ekizoglu and Ozcinar (2010) find that mostly 61.7% of users access this game sites. Male are much more visit many game sites than the female do.Significant gender differences favoring males in terms of attitude toward computer (cited in Schumacher & Morahan-Martin, 2001) and the frequency of computer use and computer experiences (cited in Durndell & Haag, 2002; Idowu, Adagunodu, & Idowu,2004; Tella & Mutulla, 2008). . __2.1.2 Chat,Email/communication__

The second point is communication sites. Tsitsika et al. (2008) state that communication sites is also the most popular sites among the users. 87.5% female of the excessive internet users utilize internet for the purpose of email.Birgin et al. (2010) find that communication sites is one of the most popular sites that have been access by users, 81.3% of users are access to the communication sites. Most of them are female users which is percentage of 88.9% while other male users are percentage of 76.1%. Ekizoglu and Ozcinar (2010) find that communication sites are the most popular sites among the users. 88.5% users are access to this sites. Social communication sites,sending email and taking up online friendships are mostly been prefer by the females users than the male users. As cited in Pierce (2009), "Females have higher social anxiety than males, and females mostly prefer online technologies tools to get interaction with other instead of getting face to face interaction"

__2.1.3 Online Shopping__

The third point of the internet access among students is online shopping. Tsitsika et al. (2008) find that shopping or purchases of goods sites are least popular among the users.Only 0.25% users are access to this sites. Most of them are female which likely to access the internet for purposes of purchasing goods and services while the male users were found to be more likely to access the internet for the purposes of purchasing goods and sexual education. Birgin et al. (2010) find that for the online shopping or internet banking, only 9.8% users are access to this sites when use the internet. Female users are more extensive to access this shopping sites with percentage of 11.1% and male user for only percentages of 9.0%. Ekizoglu and Ozcinar (2010) also find that online shopping sites are least popular among the users.Only 22.7% users are access to this sites.

__ 2.1.4 Information/work & education __

Information sites is the third point of the internet access among students. Tsitsika et al. (2008) stated that only 36.1% of internet users are access to the work and education sites for the purposes of retrieving information. Birgin et al. (2010) stated general information are most popular sites among the users. 92.0% of users are access to this sites for the purposes of searching the learning tool. 93.3% of these users are female while 91.0% are male. In addition, Ekizoglu and Ozcinar (2010) stated information and education sites are also common popular sites.About 85.6% users are access this sites.Most of the author stated that female users are more likely to access the information sites than male users. As cited in Tella & Mutula (2008) and Tahiroglu et al. (2008), support that "male users are more extensive use of the computer and internet for personal purposes than females that use internet application for the purposes to school-related activities".

__ 2.1.5 Entertainment/Downloading __

The last point for the internet access among the student is entertainment sites. Tsitsika et al. (2008) find that only 15.5% of low users are access to entertainment sites. Almost of them are female with 16.4% and male for only 13.3%. Birgin et al. (2010) find that entertainment are also popular sites among the users. 61.6% are access to this sites. Male users often use the internet more for purpose of entertainment and downloading with percentage of 73.3% while female for only percentage of 53.7%. Ekizoglu and Ozcinar (2010) stated that entertainment and downloading sites are in the third place of popular sites. Almost 68.5% user are commonly access to this sites. As cited in Nachmias et al. (2000), found that students spend their time on the internet preferred for use, resource downloading and web creation.

__2.2 Access Venue__ There are many places for students to access the Internet. Some of the common of student's access venue is at home/hostel, campus and cyber cafe/Internet cafe. __2.2.1 Home/Hostel__

Internet accessibility refers to the autonomy of using the Internet at different locations. Home is the first point that user access to the computer and Internet. There are many constraints to use the Internet freely at home. Omotayo (2006) finds that home/hostel is the less popular among tthis research. Only 9.4% from 664 respondent had access to the Internet at their home. Zhao et al. (2010) finds that home ranks the first place as the main source of knowing the Internet fo junior high school students. Academic perfomance is another important issue that teachers and parents are concern about. Based on Zhao et al.(2010), findings from Homenetto project (as cited in Jackson et al. 2003) found that in families with low income, children who used the Internet at home more would get better GPAs and standardized test scores. Besides that, Hills and Argyle (2003) finds through research that the greatest number of participants used the Internet at home, but spent less time on line (2.8 h/week) than at work or in educational establishments.

__2.2.2 Campus__

Campus is the second point for user to access the computer and internet. Omotayo (2006) clearly notes in his study that the second popular location that students access to the computer and Internet is at campus. Zhao et al. (2010) finds that availability of social support from school had a greater effect than that from home as parents influence did not associate with Internet self-efficacy (ISE). In the research on computer and Internet use, training was proved as an important approach to improve computer self-efficacy (as cited in Wei 2009), and Internet self-efficacy (as cited in Torkzadeh & Dyke, 2002).

Evidence from Academy of Management Learning and Education (as cited in Martins and Kellermanns, 2004) revealed that training was also helpful to reduce difficulty in using the ICT. They found that the more availability of technical support for web-based course management system, the easier business school students perceived the use of the system. Hills and Argyle (2003) finds through their research that among users, participants spent most time on line at work. However, institutional networks may block access to adult sites and most have sanctions for those discovered using them.

__2.2.3 Cyber Cafe/ Internet Cafe__

Cybercafe or Internet cafe is the third point for user to access the computer and internet. On the source of access, it was found that majority of the Internet users made use of cyber cafes. The majority of the respondents surveyed surf the Internet through cyber cafe´s even though the university does not provide direct access points for them. Zhao et al. (2010) finds that in some developing countries like China, Internet cafe is considered as one important location to use the Internet and a place where high school students most often visit.

However, problems rise along with the development of Internet cafe. For example, in some rural areas, even minors are allowed to go to the Internet cafe without their guardians’ permission and against the forbiddance by law. Without effective management and supervision by teachers and parents, adolescent students may be immersed in online gaming, chatting or other online entertainment, and even become addicted (as cited in Hille, 2009). Meanwhile, adolescent students are exposed to pornographic and violent contents flooding the Internet.

Thus, at Internet cafe, there is a lack of supervision on Internet use from parents and superiors. Authors believe that students are more likely to try new applications which might be forbidden at home or school. Regardless of the attempts on unhealthy online content. At Internet cafe, the relationship between Internet self-efficacy and exploratory behaviors will be stronger than that at the other two locations. Internet cafe account for a great portion, especially for those senior high school students.